Una observación sencilla sobre vectores de constantes de Riemann y divisores no-especiales de curvas generalizadas de Fermat
A simple observation concerning the vector of Riemann constants and non-special divisors of generalized Fermat curves
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Rubén A. Hidalgo
ruben.hidalgo@ufrontera.cl
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https://doi.org/10.56754/0719-0646.2702.209Abstract
A closed Riemann surface \( S \) is called a generalized Fermat curve of type \( (k,n) \), where \( k,n \geq 2 \) are integers such that \( (k-1)(n-1) > 2 \), if it admits a group \( H \cong \mathbb{Z}_{k}^{n} \) of conformal automorphisms such that the quotient orbifold \( S/H \) has genus zero and has exactly \( n+1 \) conical points, each of them of order \( k \).
If an element of \( H \), of order \( k \), has fixed points, then it has exactly \( k^{\,n-1} \) fixed points, say \( q_{1}, \ldots, q_{k^{\,n-1}} \in S \). To each \( q_{j} \) we associate its vector of Riemann constants \( -2{\mathcal K}_{q_{j}} \in JS \), where \( JS \) is the Jacobian variety of \( S \). Our first observation is that \( {\mathcal K}_{q_{1}} + \cdots + {\mathcal K}_{q_{k^{\,n-1}}} \) is an order two torsion point in \( JS \).
Let \( D \) be an effective divisor of degree \( g_{k,n} \), the genus of \( S \). We observe that \( D \) cannot be \( H \)-invariant. In the case that \( D \) is supported on the fixed points of the non-trivial elements of \( H \), then we obtain algebraic conditions, necessary and sufficient, for \( D \) to be non-special.
ResumenUna superficie de Riemann cerrada \( S \) es llamada una curva generalizada de Fermat de tipo \( (k,n) \), donde \( k,n \geq 2 \) son enteros tales que \( (k-1)(n-1) > 2 \), si admite un grupo \( H \cong \mathbb{Z}_{k}^{n} \) de automorfismos conformes de manera que el orbifold cociente \( S/H \) sea de género cero y tenga exactamente \( n+1 \) puntos cónicos, cada uno de ellos de orden \( k \).
Si un elemento de \( H \), de orden \( k \), tiene puntos fijos, entonces tiene exactamente \( k^{\,n-1} \) puntos fijos, digamos \( q_{1}, \ldots, q_{k^{\,n-1}} \in S \). Por cada \( q_{j} \) tenemos asociado su vector de constantes de Riemann \( -2{\mathcal K}_{q_{j}} \in JS \), donde \( JS \) es la variedad jacobiana de \( S \). Nuestra primera observación es que \( {\mathcal K}_{q_{1}} + \cdots + {\mathcal K}_{q_{k^{\,n-1}}} \) es un punto de torsión de orden dos en \( JS \).
Sea \( D \) un divisor efectivo de grado \( g_{k,n} \), el género de \( S \). Observamos que \( D \) no puede ser \( H \)-invariante. En el caso que \( D \) tenga soporte en los puntos fijos de los elementos no triviales de \( H \), entonces obtenemos condiciones algebraicas, necesarias y suficientes, para que \( D \) sea no especial.
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